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Steam is a video game digital distribution service and storefront by Valve. It was launched as a software client in September 2003 as a way for Valve to provide automatic updates for their games and expanded to distributing and offering third-party game publishers’ titles in late 2005. You can install steam in ubuntu and enjoy […]

lsmod command lists all loaded modules: name, size (in 4 KB units), and, if appropriate, a list of referring modules. The same information is available in /proc/modules if the /proc directory is enabled on the system. The output of lsmod is a series of columns identifying the module name, size, use number, and status. A […]

lspci command lists all Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) devices. This command has many options that are useful for debugging device drivers. If we just run lspci, we get a list of devices and their IDs: 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX – 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev 02) 00:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA […]

umount is the opposite of mount: it makes a disk partition unavailable. For instance, if you’ve mounted a CD-ROM disc, you can’t eject it until it’s umounted: $ umount /mnt/cdrom Always unmount removable media before ejecting it or you risk damage to its filesystem. To unmount all mounted devices: # umount -a Don’t unmount a […]

Loopback filesystems are very interesting components of Linux-like systems. We usually create filesystems on devices (for example, disk drive partitions). These storage devices are available as device files such as /dev/device_name. In order to use the storage device filesystem, we mount it at a directory called a mount point . On the other hand, loopback […]

The GNU Privacy Guard application allows you to encrypt and decrypt information, create public and private encryption keys, and use or verify digital signatures. GPG is based on the use of a pair of keys, one public and one private (or “secret”). Data encrypted with one key can only be decrypted with the other. To […]

pstree command displays a hierarchical list of processes in a tree format. pstree is very handy for understanding how parent/child process relationships are set up. If the PID is specified, the displayed tree is rooted at that process. Otherwise, it is rooted at the init process, which has PID 1. If a user (a valid […]

lshw reports memory configuration, firmware versions, mainboard configuration, CPU version and speed, cache configuration, bus speed, hardware paths, attached devices, partitions, and filesystems. Try the lshw (Hardware Lister) command with no options, and store the output in a text file: $ sudo lshw | tee hardware.txt duchess description: Laptop product: Latitude E7240 (05CA) vendor: Dell […]